Know the Etymology: 21
Place Name of the Day: Tuesday, 28 March 2017

Ceṉaiyūr, Vāḻaic-cēṉai, Koṭa-hēna/ Koṭṭāñ-cēṉai, Hēn-deṇiya, Hēnẹggē-goḍa

சேனையூர், வாழைச்சேனை, கொ[ட்]டஹேன/கொட்டாஞ்சேனை, ஹேன்-தெணி₃ய, ஹேனெ[æ]க்₃கே₃-கொ₃ட₃
Ceṉaiyūr, Vāḻaic-cēṉai, Koṭa-hēna/ Koṭṭāñ-cēṉai, Hēn-deṇiya, Hēnẹggē-goḍa

Cēṉai+ūr
Vāḻai+cēṉai
Koṭa-hēna
Koṭṭāṉ+cēṉai
Hēṉ+deṇiya
Hēnẹgē+goḍa

The village in the shifting-cultivation tract; or the shifting-cultivation village

The slash-and-burn field for banana cultivation

The cultivation field created by cutting trees; or the small shifting-cultivation field; or the enclosed shifting-cultivation field

The valley or low marshy ground where shifting-cultivation takes place

The bank or village of launderers

Cēṉai	slash-and-burn cultivation field, shifting-cultivation field, jungle cultivation field, dry-cultivation field that originated from clearing a jungle (Eezham Tamil); Sēna, Hēna: ground prepared for cultivation by the cutting and burning of jungle, high jungle-ground cultivated at intervals (Sinhala, Clough); Sehena: = Sēna, Hēna: cultivation field, paddy field, "Kṣetraya" (Sinhala, Sorata, note the S/ H change and the addition of H in Sehena); Seṇā, Seṇa: = Hēna, cultivation field, "Kṣetrya" (Sinhala, Sorata; inscriptions, Epigraphia Zelanica, I: 90; II: 36; III: 139, 143; IV: 39, 52, 55, 249); Cēnu: field (Telugu, DED 1958); Cēlu: plural of Cēnu (Telugu, DED 1958, note the N/ L change); Meṇṭa-cēṇu: dry field (Telugu, literally meaning high-ground dry cultivation field, DED 5058+1958); Kēn: field for shifting cultivation (Parji, DED 1958); field (Kolami, Naikri, DED 1958); Keṇ: = Kēn: field (Kolami, DED 1958); note the C/ K change; Key: field (Kannada, DED 1958); Ceyi: rice-field (Malayalam, DED 1958); Cey: field, especially wet field (Tamil, DED 1958); probably related to Cey: (verb) to do, produce (Tamil, DED 1957); Key, Ken: (verb) to do (Gadba, DED 1957, Key as a verb meaning to do, work, make etc., is found in many Dravidian languages, DED 1957); Ceṟu: tank, field, garden, plot (Tamil, DED 1980); also note Ēṉal: foxtail millet cultivation field (Tamil, Caṅkam diction, Kuṟuntokai, 72: 4-5); foxtail millet that is usually cultivated in jungle cultivation fields (Tamil, Caṅkam diction, Kuṟuntokai, 54: 2); Ēṉam: wild hog that frequents to jungle cultivation fields (Tamil, Caṅkam diction, DED 771); Cēṉai, Cēna, Kēne: a yam produced in jungle fields (Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Tulu, DED 2022)
Hēna1	also Sēna: ground prepared for cultivation by the cutting and burning of jungle, high jungle-ground cultivated at intervals (Sinhala, Clough); Sehena: = Sēna, Hēna: cultivation field, paddy field, "Kṣetraya" (Sinhala, Sorata, note the S/ H change and the addition of H in Sehena); Seṇā, Seṇa: = Hēna, cultivation field, "Kṣetrya" (Sinhala, Sorata; inscriptions, Epigraphia Zelanica, I: 90; II: 36; III: 139, 143; IV: 39, 52, 55, 249); Cēṉai: slash-and-burn cultivation field, shifting cultivation field, jungle cultivation field, dry-cultivation field that originated from clearing a jungle (Eezham Tamil); Cēnu: field (Telugu, DED 1958); Cēlu: plural of Cēnu (Telugu, DED 1958, note the N/ L change); Meṇṭa-cēṇu: dry field (Telugu, literally meaning high-ground dry-cultivation field, DED 5058+1958); Kēn: field for shifting cultivation (Parji, DED 1958); field (Kolami, Naikri, DED 1958); Keṇ: = Kēn: field (Kolami, DED 1958); note the C/ K change; Key: field (Kannada, DED 1958); Ceyi: rice-field (Malayalam, DED 1958); Cey: field, especially wet field (Tamil, DED 1958); probably related to Cey: (verb) to do, produce (Tamil, DED 1957); Key, Ken: (verb) to do (Gadba, DED 1957, Key as a verb meaning to do, work, make etc., is found in many Dravidian languages, DED 1957); Ceṟu: tank, field, garden, plot (Tamil, DED 1980); also note Ēṉal: foxtail millet cultivation field (Tamil, Caṅkam diction, Kuṟuntokai, 72: 4-5); foxtail millet that is usually cultivated in jungle cultivation fields (Tamil, Caṅkam diction, Kuṟuntokai, 54: 2); Ēṉam: wild hog that frequents to jungle cultivation fields (Tamil, Caṅkam diction, DED 771); Cēṉai, Cēna, Kēne: a yam produced in jungle fields (Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Tulu, DED 2022)
Hēna2	also, Hēnẹgē, Hēnemāmā: washerman, "Redi apullannā (Sorata); Hēnayā: washerman (Clough); probably from, Sēla, Cēla: cloth, dress, a whole piece of cloth, "Vastraya" (Sinhala, Clough, Sorata); Hēla, Hēlē: cloth or dress 12 cubits long (Sinhala, Clough); Cēla: clothes, garment (Sanskrit, CDIAL 4910); Cīlai: cloth, garment, woman's cloth (Tamil, DED 2629); Cēlai: cloth, woman's cloth (Tamil, MTL); note the possibility of Sēla > Hēla > Hēna change.
Koṭa1	(verb) to dig, knock, blow, pound; "Keṭīmehi, Paharadīmehi" (Sinhala, Sorata); verb form of Koṭanavā: (verb) to dig with a spade, to cut as with an axe, to pound (Sinhala, Clough, Sorata); Hēn-koṭṭanavā: (verb) to make clearings in a Chena for the purpose of bringing it under dry grain cultivation (Sinhala, Clough); Koṭṭa-kāḍu: newly cleared cultivation field; "Asvẹdduma" (Sinhala, Sorata); Koṭu-vel: = Koṭṭa-kāḍu (Sinhala, Sorata); literally meaning paddy field created by cutting/ clearing; Kottu: (verb) to hoe, peck, chop, hack (Tamil, cognates in 15 Dravidian languages, DED 2091); Koṭṭu: (verb) to sting; (noun) hoe with short handle, spade, weeding-hoe (Tamil, DED 2064); (verb) to beat, strike, pound (Tamil, DED 2063); Koṭṭ: (verb) to strike with axe (Parji, DED 2063); Koṭ: (verb) to strike with axe (Gadba, DED 2063); (verb) to cut with axe (Gondi, DED 2063); Koṭṭēti: hews, breaks, crushes (Pali, CDIAL 3241-2)
Koṭa2	little, small, short; "Nodik, Kuṇṭha, miṭi" (Sinhala, Sorata); Kuṭṭam: smallness (Tamil, cognates in 11 Dravidian languages, DED 1670)
Koṭa3	enclosure, fortress; "Koṣṭhaya, Koṭuva" (Sinhala, Sorata); Kōṭu: stronghold (Tamil, DED 2207a); Kōṭṭai: fort (Tamil, DED 2207a)
Vāḻai	plantain, Musa paradisiaca (Tamil, DED 5373); Vaḻukku: (verb) to slip (Tamil, DED 5298); Vaḻu-vaḻu: (verb) to slip, to be smooth and polished (Tamil, DED 5298)
Ūr	village, town, city (Tamil, DED 752); See column 50
Goḍa	bank, hill, village, (Sinhala). See column 160
Deṇiya	muddy land placed between high grounds; "Usbima atara pihiṭi maḍa bima" (Sinhala, Sorata). See column 277

Cēṉai in Eezham Tamil, and Sēna, Hēna and Sehena in Sinhala mean a ground prepared for cultivation by the cutting and burning of jungle. Such fields are usually cultivated at intervals. When the soil loses its richness after a couple of years of cultivation, regrowth of jungle in that field is allowed for a few years, so that the soil would regain the richness and the jungle could be burnt again for cultivation. In the meantime another field would be prepared in the same way.

This is a primitive way of cultivation that doesn't require irrigation and manure. The fields are rain-fed and the humus cum burnt ash is the natural manure. This method of cultivation is called by different terms in English, such as slash-and- burn cultivation, shifting cultivation, jungle cultivation etc., but they all basically mean the same. In this kind of cultivation, the identity of land is not for a particular plot but for the whole tract where cultivation is shifted to plots. Sometimes a field prepared in this way may become a regular field, but often the original name, Cēṉai or Hēna is retained.

* * *

Tracing the etymology of Cēṉai in Eezham Tamil and Sēna/ Hēna/ Sehena in Sinhala, the old forms noticed in Sinhala inscriptions are Seṇa and Seṇā, meaning a cultivation field (Epigraphia Zelanica, I: 90; II: 36; III: 139, 143; IV: 39, 52, 55, 249).

Hēna, which is the common form in current Sinhala and in Sinhala place names, shows the C/ S/ H interchange, and in the case of Sehena, the H is an addition.

All the said terms are of Dravidian etymology.

The closest cognate of Cēṉai in Eezham Tamil and Seṇa/ Seṇā in inscriptional Sinhala is Cēnu in Telugu meaning a cultivation field.

Kēn meaning a shifting cultivation field in Parji, a cultivation field in Kolami and Naikri, and Keṇ meaning a cultivation field in Kolami are other close cognates.

Note that the close cognates are found in a particular group of languages listed as Central Dravidian.

Of course, the said Central Dravidian cognates are related to South Dravidian - Cey in old Tamil and Key in Kannada meaning a cultivation field (DED 1958). Also, related words could be found in Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Tulu for jungle cultivation products (see box on Cēṉai). But in this instance, it is significant to see direct cognates of the Eezham Tamil/ Sinhala terms coming in Central Dravidian.

The context being primitive cultivation and other than Telugu the involved Central Dravidian being tribal Dravidian languages, add to the significance.

Cēṉai/ Hēna is one of the evidences for the presence of a Dravidian substratum in the island going beyond standard Tamil and Malayalam. Similarly, there are other instances noted elsewhere, in which direct links are seen between the languages of the island and the Dravidian of the Western Ghats.

* * *

Hēna in Sinhala also means launderers or washermen (Redi apullannā). Hēnẹgē and Hēnemāmā are variations. They come from a different etymon, probably related to Cēla, Sēla, Hēla, Hēlē, meaning cloth, dress, a whole piece of cloth etc. The etymology is traced to both Dravidian and Indo-Aryan (DED 2629, CDIAL 4910). See box on Hēna 2. In a place name like Henẹggē-goḍa the launderer meaning could be assigned with certainty. But the same meaning could come in a few more place names also, in which Hēna/ Hēne/ Hēnē comes as prefix (see related place names).

* * *

The prefix Koṭa, as in Koṭa-hēna, could mean clearance by cutting trees, it could mean smallness and it could also mean an enclosure.

In many other place names, where Koṭa comes as prefix, the word seems to be meaning smallness or an enclosure (see related place names).

But in the context of Koṭa-hēna, the most appropriate meaning seems to be clearance by cutting trees. There are other phrases in Sinhala, such as Hēn-koṭṭanavā, Koṭṭa-kāḍu and Koṭu-vel, related to clearing a field for cultivation.

The Tamil form of Koṭa-hēna is Koṭṭāñ-cēṉai. Another related place name Muṟak-koṭṭāñ-cēṉai in Batticaloa clearly means a Cēṉai field created by cutting Moṟa trees. In another example, the Sinhala place-name Maḍu-koṭan-aṟāva means a new cultivation field created by cutting Maḍu palms.

In all the shades of meaning, the etymology of Koṭa in Sinhala goes to Dravidian (see boxes on Koṭa 1, 2 and 3).

* * *

Vāḻai is a common Tamil/ Dravidian word meaning the banana tree as well as its fruit (Tamil, DED 5373). The related verbs may be Vaḻukku meaning to slip and Vaḻu-vaḻu meaning to be smooth or polished (Tamil, DED 5298).

See column 50 on Ūr meaning a village, column 160 on Goḍa meaning a bank/ hill/ village, and column 277 on Deṇiya meaning a low muddy ground between high grounds.

* * *

Cēṉaiyūr is a place in Moothoor division of Trincomalee district.

Vāḻaic-cēnai is a major place today in Koralaippattu Central division of Batticaloa district

Koṭa-hēna is in Colombo division of Colombo district. It is in the central part of the Colombo city of today, close to Pettah (Pēṭṭai).

Koṭṭāñ-cēṉai is the Tamil form of Koṭa-hēna. Eezham Tamil having this form could be seen in another place name, Muṟak-koṭṭāñ-cēṉai in Koralaippattu South, Batticaloa

Hēn-deṇiya is a place in Udunuwara division of Kandy district

Hēnẹggē-goḍa is in Kolonna division of Ratnapura district.

* * *

Some related place names:


Cēṉai: (Tamil)

Aṭṭāḷaiccēṉai: Addalaichenai, Amparai

Cēṉaik-kuṭiyiruppu: Kalmunai, Amparai

Kaṟ-cēṉai: Addalaichenai, Amparai

Iḷukkuc-cēṉai: Irakkamam, Amparai

Varippattāñ-cēṉai: Irakkamam, Amparai

Maṇaṟ-cēnai: Pottuvil, Amparai

Maturañ-cēṉai: Pottuvil, Amparai

Pacaric-cēṉai: Pottuvil, Amparai

Vāḻaic-cēṉai: Koralaippattu, Batticaloa

Karuvēppañ-cēṉai: Koralaippattu North, Batticaloa

Pālaic-cēṉai: Koralaippattu North, Batticaloa

Cāḷamppaic-cēṉai: Koralaippattu West, Batticaloa

Ūttuc-cēṉai: Koralaippattu West, Batticaloa

Āyilaṭic-cēṉai: Koralaippattu, Batticaloa

Muṟakkoṭṭāñ-cēṉai: Koralaippattu, Batticaloa

Paṭṭiyaṭic-cēṉai: Koralaippattu, Batticaloa

Paḷḷattuc-cēṉai: Koralaippattu, Batticaloa

Peṇṭukaḷ-cēṉai: Koralaippattu, Batticaloa

Vēḷāmaic-cēṉai: Koralaippattu, Batticaloa

Āspattiric-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Iluppaiyaṭic-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Kiḻavaṉ-kaṇṭuc-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Māvaṭic-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Military-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Muḷḷic-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Tarumac-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Veḷḷaiyaṉ-cēṉai: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Mastār-cēṉai: Eravurppattu Town, Batticaloa

Nelluc-cēṉai: Manmunai West, Batticaloa

Paṉ-cēṉai: Manmunai West, Batticaloa

Paruttic-cēṉai: Manmunai West, Batticaloa

Pāvaṟ-koṭic-cēṉai: Manmunai West, Batticaloa

Cēṉait-teru: Manmunaippattu, Batticaloa

Iṉiyappar-cēṉai: Poratheevuppattu, Batticaloa

Paṇṭārac-cēṉai: Poratheevuppattu, Batticaloa

Vīraṉ-cēṉai: Poratheevuppattu, Batticaloa

Māñ-cōlaic-cēṉai: Kinniya, Batticaloa. Māñ-cōlai: mango grove; Māṉ-cōlai: deer forest

Mayilappaṉ-cēṉai: Kinniya, Trincomalee

Muṉaic-cēṉai: Kinniya, Batticaloa

Āṉaic-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Āraip-pattaic-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trncomalee

Kaṭaṟkaraic-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Maṇal-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Nāvaṟ-kēṇic-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Pālattaṭic-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Paḷḷik-kuṭāc-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Pammaṉ-kuḷac-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee. Pammaṉ: probably from Pampaṉ Pampai: a reed-grass

Pokkaiya-kuḷac-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Ullaik-kuḷac-cēṉai: Moothoor, Trincomalee

Pū-marattaṭic-cēṉai: Verukal, Trincomalee

Ciṉṉappiḷḷaic-cēṉai: Trincomalee Town and Gravets, Trincomalee

Cēṉaik-kaṇṭam: Eravurppattu, Batticaloa

Mēl-cēna: Akurana, Kandy

* * *


Hēna: (Sinhala)

Baṭa-landa-hēna: Kolonnawa, Colombo. Baṭa: a small species of bamboo (Clough)

Ẹl-hēna: Kolonnawa, Colombo; Mirigama, Gampaha; Naula, Matale; Medagama, Moneragala. Ẹl-keta: a kind of paddy field, cleared of jungle and sawn with a particular kind of paddy (Sinhala); Ẹl-vī: a kind of paddy; Ẹla, brook, rivulet, channel, canal (Sinhala)

Doḍam-gaha-hēna: Kolonnawa, Colombo. Doḍam-gaha: orange

Talā-hēna: Kaduwela, Colombo; Negombo, Gampaha. Talā: seseme

Tunadu-hēna: Kaduwela, Colombo. Tunadu: the third one

Ẹvari-hēna: Kaduwela, Colombo. Ẹvari: 1. banana fruit-bunch (spoken Sinhala, Sorata); 2. fence, "Āvaraṇaya" (Sorata); 3. a plant, "gasvesesak" (Sorata); Avari: indigo plant (Clough)

Hēna-vatta: Homagama, Colombo; Mihintale, Anuradhapura

Kitul-hēna: Homagama, Colombo

Doḻa-hēna: Homagama, Colombo; Ja-Ela, Gampaha

Kaha-hēna: Seethawaka, Colombo; Rideegama, Kurunegala. Kaha: turmeric

Daṁba-hēna: Maharagama, Colombo. Daṁba: burnt

Pol-hēna: Kesbewa, Colombo; Divulapitiya, Gampaha; Dompe, Gampaha; Kelaniya, Gampaha; Imaduwa, Galle; Matara Four Gravets, Matara

Vẹli-hēna: Katana, Gampaha; Dambulla, Matale; Akmeemana, Galle; Athuraliya, Matara; Chilaw, Puttalam

Mā-vī-hēna: Mirigama, Gampaha; Panduwasnuwara East, Kurunegala. Mā-vī: a kind of paddy

Māvata-hēna: Mirigama, Gampaha. Māvata: road

Vẹl-hēna: Minuwangoda, Gampaha. Vẹl: 1. Vikala, Venas; 2. Pulinaya, Vẹlla (Sorata)

Pullu-hēna: Wattala, Gampaha. Pullu: grass (Tamil)

Kuruńdu-hēna: Wattala, Gampaha; Dompe, Gampaha

Mā-hēna: Gampaha, Gampaha, Horana, Kalutara; Warakapola, Kegalle; Maduruwela, Kalutara

Kala-geḍi-hēna: Attanagalla, Gampaha. Kaḷa-gedi: = Kaḷaya (Sorata). Probably a pot-irrigated Hēna; Kaḷa-geḍi: Kaḷaya (Sorata)

Kahambili-hēna: Attanagalla, Gampaha. Kahambili: a tree

Mora-hēna: Dompe, Gampaha

Lansiya-hēna: Dompe, Gampaha. Lansi: mercenary soldier

Gōna-hēna: Mahara, Gampaha. Gōna: elk

Nā-hēna: Kelaniya, Gampaha. Nā: a tree

Kẹnda-hēna: Kelaniya, Gampaha; Alawwa, Kurunegala; Polgahawela, Kurunegala. Kẹnda: a plant, Macaranga tomentosa; Kẹnda-gaha: candlenut tree, Croton moluccanum

Yaṭi-hēna: Biyagama, Gampaha; Polgahawela, Kurunegala. Yaṭi: bottom

Hēna-mulla: Panadura, Kalutara

Kirigala-hēna: Horana, Kalutara. Kiri-gal: white rock

Midella-mula-hēna: Horana, Kalutara. Midel, Midella, Mideli, Midella-gasa: a flowering plant (Sinhala, Sorata)

Vẹrẹlla-hēna: Horana, Kalutara. Vẹrẹlla: a medicinal plant

Dik-hēna-gama: Horana, Kalutara; Elpitiya, Galle

Gala-hēna: Bulathsinhala, Kalutara

Tẹnna-hēna: Bulathsinhala, Kalutara; Weligolla, Ratnapura; Pitabeddara, Matara. Tẹnna: highland plain

Kesel-hēnāva: Maduruwela, Kalutara

Kaṭu-hēna: Maduruwela, Kalutara

Dik-hēna: Millaniya, Kalutara

Iṁbula-hēna: Millaniya, Kalutara

Kapu-hēna: Kalutara, Kalutara. Kapu: cotton

Goḍa-para-gaha-hēna: Kalutara, Kalutara. Goda-para: a tree

Muň-hēna: Beruwala, Kalutara. Muň: green gram

Piň-hēna: Beruwala, Kalutara. Piň: tawny colour; religious merit

Māḷigā-hēna: Beruwala, Kalutara

Gal-hēna: Beruwala, Kalutara

Vatta-hēna: Dodangoda, Kalutara

Baṭa-hēna: Palidunuwara, Kalutara. Baṭa: a small species of bamboo

Mālaṁbē-hēna: Walallavita, Kalutara

Mī-gaha-hēna: Thumbane, Kandy; Mahiyangana, Badulla

Aṁba-gaha-hēna: Thumpane, Kandy; Katuwana, Hambantota

Kańdan-hēna: Thumpane, Kandy

Uḍa-hēna: Pujapitiya, Kandy

Goḍa-hēna: Pujapitiya, Kandy; Ambalangoda, Galle

Vala-hēna: Akurana, Kandy: Madampe, Puttalam

Vattē-hēna: Udapalatha, Kandy; Niyagama, Galle

Amu-hēna: Udapalatha, Kandy. Amu, Hamu, Hẹmi: a millet; "Kṣudra dhānya vargayak" (Sorata); Cāmai, Cāmi: a millet (Tamil); Śyāmāka: the millet Panicum frumentaceum (Sanskrit, CDIAL 12667)

Ẹṭavarā-hēna: Dambulla, Matale. Ẹṭa-varā: panic grass, Panicum repens

Karavila-hēna: Naula, Matale. Karivila: a creeping plant, the fruit of which is used in making curry, Momordica charantia (Sinhala); Karuviḷai: Mussel-shell creeper (Tamil, Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, 464)

Lakṣa-hēna: Yatawatha, Matale

Gala-uḍa-hēna: Ukuwela, Matale

Labu-hēna: Hanguranketha, Nuwara Eliya. Labu: Labu-geḍiya: pumpkin or long gourd

Ginigat-hēna: Ambagamuwa, Nuwara Eliya. Ginigat: fire-consumed; Gini: fire (Sinhala); Agni: fire (Sanskrit, Rig Vedic, CDIAL 55); Kaṉal: (verb) to be hot, burn; (noun) fire (Tamil, DED 1406); Kaṉi: (verb) to be redhot, glow (Tamil, DED 1406)

Mora-hēna-gama: Ambagamuwa, Nuwara Eliya

Varā-hēna: Bentota, Galle, Varā: a millet (Sinhala); Varaku: common millet, Paspalum scrobiculatum; poor man's millet, Paspalum crusgalli (Tamil, DED 5260)

Koṭuva-bẹnda-hēna: Bentota, Galle. Koṭuva: enclosure

Baṭu-van-hēna: Elpitiya, Galle. Baṭu: probably Baṭa (bamboo) in this case

Rệ-kaḍa-hēna: Elpitiya, Galle. Rệ-kaḍa: guard post

Boralu-hēna: Niyagama, Galle

Vẹyi-hēna: Niyagama, Galle. Vẹya: expenditure, cost; Vẹyikki: place to produce as service to the king, "Rājakāryayaṭa ayat pedesa" (Sorata). Viyam: command, order (Tamil, DED 5405)

Kirindalā-hēna: Baddegama, galle

Kuṁbala-mala-hēna: Baddegama, Galle

Kańda-hēna: Akmeemana, Galle

Kaduru-gas-hēna: Akmeemana, Galle

Vatte-hēna: Yakkalamulla, Galle

Piṭuvala-hēna: Imaduwa, Galle Piṭu-val: backside

Kuḍa-gala-hēna: Pitabeddara, Galle

Hēna-goḍa: Gonapeenuwala, Galle

Vihāra-hēna: Kotapola, Matara

Kaḷu-gala-hēna: Kotapola, Matara. Kaḷu-gala: granite

Nā-vala-hēna: Kotapola, Matara

Ḷińda-gāva-hēna: Kotapola, Matara

Puvak-gaha-hēna: Pasgoda, Matara

Ug-gas-hēna: Athuraliya, Matara. Ug-gas: sugarcane

Digana-hēna: Akuressa, Matara

Gala-baḍa-hēna: Akuressa, Matara

Puhula-hēna: Welipitiya, Matara; Mahawewa, Puttalam. Puhul: pumpkin

Batala-hēna: Welipiya, Matara. Batala: a yam

Vehera-hēna: Matara Four Gravets, Matara

Val-bulu-gaha-hēna: Devinuwara, Matara

Mura-vẹsi-hēna: Ambalantota, Hambantota. Mura-vẹsi: guard post

Puňci-hēnayā-gama: Ambalantota, Hambantota

Kōn-kara-hēna: Walasmulla, Hambantota. Kōn-kara: corner side

Dehi-gaha-hēna: Walasmulla, Hambantota

Kẹkiri-hēna: Mahaoya, Ampara. Kẹkiri: cucumber

Ala-hēna: Damana, Ampara

Hēnava: Popithigama, Kurunegala

Kos-hēna-ahāra: Bingiriya, Kurunegala

Mūkalan-hēna: Bingiriya, Kurunegala

Anukkan-hēna: Panduwasnuwara East, Kurunegala. Anukkan: a kind of Pan grass (Sorata)

Hēna-mulla: Kurunegala, Kurunegala

Kandē-hēna: Mawathagama. Kurunegala

Uḍa-hēna: Rideegama, Kurunegala

Koṭu-hēna: Rideegama, Kurunegala

Kos-hēna: Kuliyapitiya West, Kurunegala

Iḷuk-hēna: Kuliyapitiya West, Kurunegala

Siyaṁbalā-gas-hēna: Anamaduwa, Puttalam

Baṇḍāra-hēna: Arachchikattuwa, Puttalam

Vāla-hēna: Madampe, Puttalam

Hēna-pola: Madampe, Puttalam

Vī-hēna: Mahawewa, Puttalam

Vīra-hēna: Nattandiya, Puttalam

Mī-gaha-hēna: Mahiyanganaya, Badulla

Gal-ṭẹň-hēna: Ella, Badulla

Gavaran-hēna: Balangoda, Ratnapura. Gavaram: a kind of wild buffalo

Pol-vatta-hēna: Opanayake, Ratnapura

Ril-hēna: Pelmadulla, Ratnapura

Ẹlla-hena: Ayagama, Ratnapura

Tiyaṁbarā-hēna: Kegalle, Kegalle. Tiyaṁbarā: a sort of cucumber (Clough)

Kīri-hēna: Deraniyagala, Kegalle. Kīri: Kihiri, acacia (Sorata)

* * *


Hēn: (Sinhala)

Hēn-piṭa: Homagama, Colombo

Nārā-hēn-piṭa: Thimbirigasyaya, Colombo

Hēn-piṭa-gedera: Divulapitiya, Gampaha

Hēn-deṇiya: Udunuwara, Kandy

Uḍa-hēn-tẹnnna: GI Korale, Kandy

Gańga Hēn-vala: Laggala-Pallegama, Matale

Labu-hēn-vala: Hanguranketha, Nuwara Eliya. Labu, Labba: pumpkin gourd, long gourd (Sinhala, Clough); Alābu: bottle gourd (Sanskrit, CDIAL 711); Lābū: gourd (Sanskrit, lexicons, CDIAL 711); Lambā: bitter gourd (Sanskrit, CDIAL 711); Austro-Asiatic origins cited (CDIAL 711)

Maha-hēn-goḍa: Baddegama, Galle

Galahēn-kanda: Welivitiya, Divithura, Galle

Vẹl-hēn-goḍa: Habaraduwa, Galle

Hēn-vala: Weligama, Matara

Labu-hēn-goḍa: Katuwana, Hambantota. See Labu-hēn-vala

Vattē-hēn-goḍa: Walasmulla, Hambantota

Heň-gamuva: Kobeigane, Kurunegala

Aṁba-hēn-vẹva: Kuliyapitiya East, Kurunegala

Hēn-koḷa-vela: Hingurakgoda, Polonnaruwa

Amu-hēn-kanda: Eheliyagoda, Ratnapura

Kā-hēn-gama: Kuruvita, Ratnapura

Kapu-hēn-toṭa: Pelmadulla, Ratnapura

Kapu-hēn-tẹnna: Godakawela, Ratnapura

* * *


Hēne, Hēnē: (Sinhala)

Hēnē-gedara: Ibbagamuwa, Kurunegala; Panduwasnuara East, Kurunegala; Bamunukotuwa, Kurunegala; Kuliyapitiya West, Kurunegala; Udabaddawa, Kurunegala

Hēnē-pola: Rambukkana, Kegalle

Hēne-gama: Mirigama, Gampaha; Mahara, Gampaha; Horana, Kalutara

Hēnē-gama: Mathugama, Kalutara; Pujapitiya, Kandy; Akuressa, Matara

Hēnē-gama Pal-kuṁbura: Thumpane, Kandy

Hēne-pola: Mirigama, Gampaha; Mawathagama, Kurunegala

Ala-hēnē-gama: Kobeigane, Kurunegala

Uḍa-hēnē-gama: Rasnayakapura, Kurunegala

* * *


Koṭṭāṉ/ Koṭṭai: (prefix in Tamil)

Muṟak-koṭṭāñ-cēnai: Koralaippattu South, Batticaloa

Koṭṭaik-kāṭu: Arali, Jaffna. See column 498

Koṭṭu-kacciya: Anaimadu, Puttalam

* * *


Koṭṭan: (Sinhala)

Maḍu-koṭan-arāva: Badalkumbura, Moneragala. Maḍu: a palm; Arāva: newly developed cultivation field

* * *


Koṭa: (Sinhala)

Koṭa-hẹra: Seethawaka, Colombo

Koṭa-deṇiyāva: Divulapitiya, Gampaha; Kuliyapitiya East, Kurunegala

Koṭa-deṇiya: Mirigama, Gampaha

Koṭa-piṭiya: Beruwala, Kalutara

Koṭa-gedera: Mathugama, Kalutara

Kaň-koṯa-vatta: Walallavita, Kalutara

Koṭa-gańga: Medadumbara, Kandy

Aṁba-koṭaya-vatta: Kundasale, Kandy

Koṭali-goḍa: Yatinuwara, Kandy

Koṭa-bō-goḍa: Yatinuwara, Kandy

Koṭa-gal-oluva: Udunuwara, Kandy

Koṭagē-piṭiya: Deltota, Kandy

Koṭa-gala: Nuwara Eliya, Nuwara Eliya; Pitabeddara, Matara

Koṭa-goda: Baddegama, Galle; Siyambalanduwa, Moneragala

Koṭa-pola: Kotapola, Matara

Koṭa-vila: Weligama, Matara

Koṭa-vāya: Angunakolapelessa, Hambantota

Koṭa-vehera: Kotavehera, Kurunegala; Ampara, Ampara

Koṭā-gala: Kekirawa, Anuradhapura

Koṭa-līya: Thamankaduwa, Polonnaruwa

Koṭa-talāva: Rideemaliyadda, Badulla

Koṭa-vera: Uva Paranagama, Badulla

Koṭa-bakma: Haldummulla, Badulla

Koṭa-gama: Bibile, Moneragala; Rambukkana, Kegalle

Tal-koṭa-yāya: Madulla, Moneragala

Koṭa-bōva: Medagama, Moneragala

Koṭa-muduna: Badalkumbura, Moneragala

Koṭa-vehera-maňkaḍa: Thanamalvila, Moneragala

Koṭa-mulla: Elapatha, Ratnapura

Koṭa-ketana: Godakawela, Ratnapura

Koṭa-vẹlla: Rambukkana, Kegalle

* * *


Revised: Tuesday, 28 March 2017, 20:45

First published: Tuesday, 03 July 2007, 01:00