Know the Etymology: 28
Place Name of the Day: Tuesday, 20 September 2016

Varakā-pola, Koṭikā-pola, Val-pola, Gam-pola

வர[க்]கா-பொல, கொடி[க்]கா-பொல, வல்-பொல, க₃ம்-பொல
Varakā-pola, Koṭikā-pola, Val-pola, Gam-pola

Varakā+pola
Koṭikā+pola
Val+pola
Gaň+pola

The place or country market for jackfruit

The place or country market for dried areca nut

The jungle place

The riverine place

Pola	also Poḷa, Pala, Paḷa: place, site, spot; "Sthānaya" (Sinhala, Sorata): open-field market, country market place (Sinhala usages); Polam: field, from "Pulam" (Tamil, Winslow); Pulam: place, region, quarter, arable land, rice field (Tamil, DED 4303); land, direction, field, country (Tamil, Caṅkam diction); open field, as in Pulampaṉ meaning a person of the maritime tract (Tamil, Caṅkam diction, DED 4303); field, usually a cultivation field (Eezham Tamil, Caṅkam diction, Naṟṟiṇai, 193: 3; Tamil inscriptions, 709 CE, SII, I, 135); Pulaṉ, Pulavu: arable land (Tamil, DED 4303); Pola: place, direction, a plough field (Kannada, DED 4303); Pula: pasturage (Tulu, DED 4303); Polamu: field, place of cultivated land; Pulambu, Polambu: field (Telugu, DED 4303); Polom: field (Kolami, DED 4303); the place/ field meaning probably came from vicinity; 1. Pulam: sense (Tamil, DED 4344); Pulappam: appearing clearly (Tamil, DED 4344); Pola: object of sight, direction (Kannada, DED 4344); Pola: pupil of the eye (Sinhala, Clough); Pulā: (adjective) vast, great, extensive (Sinhala, Clough); Pulul: (adjective) broad, wide, extensive, large, spread about, published (Sinhala, Clough); 2. Poḷō, Poḷova, Poḷovu: the earth (Sinhala, Sorata); Poḷō-talaya, Poḷō-tela: surface of the earth (Sinhala, Clough); Poḻil: earth, world, country, district (Tamil, DED 4558); 3. See box on Pala. See column on Uyarap-pulam
Varakā	variety of jack in its ripe state (Sinhala, Clough); "Idunu kosvesesak" (Sinhala, Sorata); jack: Artocarpus integrifolia; Varukkai, Varukkaip-palā: a species of jack-tree (Tamil, DED 5271; Tivākaram 4: 49; Piṅkalam 9: 55; Cūṭāmaṇi 4: 11)); sweet jackfruit (Tamil, Cuntarar Tēvāram, 7: 76: 9); Varikkap-pilāvu: superior jack-tree (Malayalam, DED 5271); Bakke: the hard variety of jackfruit (Kannada, DED 5271); Bakke-valasa: a sweet kind of jackfruit (Kannada, DED 5271); Bakki: a hard type of jackfruit (Koraga, DED 5271); Vērakkā: sweet or non-pulpy jackfruit as opposed to the too-pulpy variety (jackfruit hawkers usage, Tamil Nadu); Varikka: good, sweet as of fruit, the pulp of an unripe coconut (Malayalam, DED 5268); Barika, Barike: hard, distinguished from soft as the pulp of a fruit (Tulu, DED 5268); Vaḻukkai: pulp of a tender coconut (Tamil, DED 5300); Vaḻukka: pulp of a tender coconut (Malayalam, DED 5300); Vaḻukku: (verb) to slip (Tamil, DED 5298); Vaḻukkal: slipperiness (Tamil, DED 5298)
Koṭikā	dried areca nut (Sinhala, Clough); "Karuňkā geḍiya, Viyalunu puvak" (Sinhala, Sorata); dried nut of Areca catechu; Koṭi+kā: the suffix Kā corresponds to Kāy in Tamil, as in another term Karuňkā in Sinhala and Karuṅ-kāy in Tamil for areca nut (Clough, MTL); Kāy: areca nut (Tamil usage and inscriptions, 880 CE, SII, xii, 103); from Kāy meaning unripe fruit and also certain nuts, or from Kāḻ > Kāy meaning nut, kernel etc. (Tamil, DED 1459, 1493); Aṭaik-kāy: areca nut, literally meaning betel nut as Aṭai means betel leaf (Tamil, DED 88, DED 59); Koṭik-kāy: literally meaning betel nut, as Koṭi meaning creeper stands for betel; Koṭik-kāl: betel stake, betel, betel garden (Tamil, MTL); Koṭi: creeper (Tamil, DED 2050); Koḍi-ele: betel leaf (Kodagu, DED 2050)
Val	plural or combination form of Vala: jungle, forest, "Vanaya" (Sinhala, Sorata); Vallai: extensive thicket, big forest (Tamil, DED 5289). See earlier columns
Gampola	Gaň+pola: riverine place; Gam: one of the meanings is Gaň: river (Sinhala, Sorata). See box above on Pola and other columns on Gaň/ Gaňga

Pola and Poḷa mean place, site or spot in Sinhala place names. "Sthānaya" is the toponymy-relevant shade of meaning given to the words by Sorata.

In Sinhala usage, Pola also often comes to mean an open-field market or country market place.

Another set of terms Pala and Paḷa in Sinhala mean the same as Pola and Poḷa. Sorata equates the terms and their interchange is sometimes noticed in place names.

Pala has an additional toponymic meaning. It could also mean a side or part (Pārśvaya: Sorata).

Pola and Pala could be variations, or they could be just synonyms coming from different etyma (see column on Govi-pala).

Pola corresponds to the Tamil toponymic term Pulam, the meaning of which ranges from place and field to rice field (DED 4303). The word form Polam is noted as a variation of Pulam in Tamil (Winslow). Identical cognate for the Sinhala term could be seen in Kannada, in which Pola means place, direction and plough field (DED 4303).

Basically meaning space, the terms might have originated from perception by senses. Note that another meaning for Pulam in Tamil/ Dravidian is sense (DED 4344) and another meaning for Pola in Sinhala is pupil of the eye.

* * *

Varakā meaning a variety of ripe jackfruit in Sinhala finds the Dravidian cognate Varukkai meaning the same in old Tamil (DED 5271). It is Vērakkā in the colloquial usage of present day jackfruit hawkers in Tamil Nadu.

From the other Dravidian languages of the Western Ghats, especially from Malayalam, one could deduce that the terms stood for a superior, sweet and not too-pulpy variety of jackfruit (see box). In contrast, there is a jackfruit variety (called Kūḻaṉ in Tamil) that is too sloppy and chokes while eating.

The word Varikka in Malayalam and its cognate Barikka in Tulu basically mean sweet pulp of fruit in the texture of the pulp of unripe coconut (DED 5268). They correspond to Vaḻukkai in Tamil and Vaḻukka in Malayalam standing for tender coconut pulp, because of its smooth and slippery texture (DED 5300, note the Ḻ/ R interchange). The verb forms, such as Vaḻu-vaḻu, Vaḷu-vaḷu and Vaḻukku, meaning, be slippery, be smooth, be polished, to be slippery, to slip etc., could be found in Tamil/ Dravidian (DED 5298).

* * *

Varukkai meaning sweet jackfruit:

"Matu vimmu varukkaiyiṉ cuḷai" (Cuntarar Tēvāram, 7: 76: 9)

"மது விம்மு வருக்கையின் சுளை" (சுந்தரர் தேவாரம், 7: 76: 9)

The honey-swelling pulp of Varukkai (jackfruit)

* * *

The term Koṭikā in Sinhala means dried areca nut. It is a phrase of two components, Koṭi+kā.

The suffix Kā in this instance corresponds to Kāy in Tamil that generally means any unripe fruit and also certain nuts, but comes to specifically mean areca nut in some usage examples.

The phrase Aṭaik-kāy in Tamil for areca nut (DED 88) is one example, where the prefix Aṭai means betel (DED 59); the suffix Kāy means nut, and the phrase literally means betel nut.

In meaning certain nuts, Kāy in Tamil corresponds to its verb that means to bear fruit and Kāyppu meaning crop of fruit or grain (DED 1459). Kannada and Tulu have the meanings nut and seed respectively for Kāy and Kāyi (DED 1459). In the shade of meaning nut, Kāy in Tamil may also be related to another etyma, Kāḻ meaning nut, kernel, seed and stone in Tamil/ Dravidian (DED 1493, Kāḻ > Kāy).

Like Aṭaik-kāy in Tamil, Koṭi-kā in Sinhala also literally means betel nut. The separate component meanings of the phrase are not found in present day Sinhala diction, but they could be found in the usages of the adjacent Dravidian languages.

Koṭi generally means any creeper in Tamil/ Dravidian (DED 2050), but it specifically means betel in the usage of betel leaf cultivators, as in the phrase Koṭik-kāl meaning betel, betel crop, stake for betel vine and betel garden in Tamil (MTL). Koḍi-ele means betel leaf in Kodagu (DED 2050).

All the terms discussed above are Dravidian in etymology, but coining the phrase Koṭikā for betel nut is unique to Sinhala.

* * *

Kāy meaning areca nut:

"Veṟṟilaiyuṅ kāyum" (Tamil inscription, 880 CE, SII, xii, 103)

"வெற்றிலையுங் காயும்" (Tamil inscription, 880 CE, SII, xii, 103)

Betel and areca nut

* * *

Val-pola and Gam-pola mean a jungle place and riverine place respectively. They are noticed as place names or components of place names in different places. In some instances, the written form is found interchangeable with Val-pala and Gampala.

Gam-pola seems to have come from Gaň-pola, meaning a riverine place, as places having the toponym are riverside ones. Gaň+pola in combination could become Gampola. Sorata equates Gam and Gaň.

See other columns for etymological discussions on Val and Gaň.

* * *

Varakā-pola is a divisional headquarters in Kegalle district. There is another place spelt as Varakkāp-pola in Eravurpattu division of Batticaloa district.

Koṭikā-pola is a place in Mawathagama division of Kurunegala district.

Val-pola is noticed as toponym in several places: Kaduwela division, Colombo district; Katana division, Gampaha district; Minuwandoda division, Gampaha district; Ja-Ela division, Gampaha district; Attanagalla division, Gampaha district; Thumpane division, Kandy district; Yatawatta division, Kandy district; Yakkalamulla division, Galle district; Bamunukottuwa division, Kurunegala district; Mallawapitiya division, Kurunegala district; Medawachchiya division, Anuradhapura district; Dehiovita division, Kegalle district.

Gampola is located on the banks of Mahaweli River in Udapalatha division of Kandy district.

* * *

Some related place names:

Pola:

Pẹl-pola: The place of huts/ sheds; or the place having a watcher's platform; Hanwella division, Colombo district; Millaniya division, Kalutara district. Pẹl: small hut, a kind of raised platform used when watching the rice fields (Sinhala, Clough); "Kuṭiya, Kuḍā-geya" (Sinhala, Sorata); Paḷḷi: sleeping place (Tamil, DED 4018); hut (Malayalam, DED 4018); abode (Kannada, DED 4018); Palli: hut (Telugu, DED 4018)

Hāndu-pẹl-pola: The place of the sleeping shed/ platform; Horana, Kalutara. Hẹńda, Ẹńda: bed, sleeping couch (Sinhala, Clough); 1. Āsandī: chair, stool (Sanskrit, CDIAL 1485); 2. Aṉantar, Aṉantal: sleep, drowsiness (Tamil, DED 326);

Kaha-pola: The place of Kaha trees or shrubs; or the place for turmeric; Kesbewa division, Colombo district. Kaha: turmeric, a small tree, Bixa orellana; a shrub, Ixora coccinea (Sinhala, Clough)

Suvāra-pola: The place to perform a secondary level obligatory service, or pay a secondary level tribute; Kesbewa division, Colombo district. Suvar: "Suḷu vara, Apradhāna vāraya, Ēma vārayehi rajayaṭa dena badda hō kaḷa yutu vẹḍa" (Sinhala, Sorata); as opposed to Maha-var: main obligatory service or tribute; Suvaru: gold smith, worker on metal, cook, dresser of provisions (Sinhala, Clough); Vari 1: (verb) to bind; (noun) bondage (Tamil, DED 5264); Vari 2: tax, duty, impost, toll, contribution (Tamil, DED 5266); Vāram: hire, rent, lease of land for a share of the produce (Tamil, DED 5359)

Ganē-pola: The place of the Buddhist Sangha; Katana division, Gampaha district. Gaṇa: multitude; troops, priests etc. (Sinhala, Clough); "Bhikṣu Saṅghayā, Bhikṣu nikāya, Vihāraya. Gaṇayaṭa hō vihārayaṭa ayat" (Sinhala, Sorata)

Aḷutẹ-pola: Divulapitiya division, Gampaha district. Aḷut: new, "Abhinava" (Sinhala, Sorata)

Baṭē-pola: The place of Baṭa bamboos; or the descending place; Divulapitiya division, Gampaha district; Mahara division Gampaha district. 1. Baṭa, Baṭalī: A small species of bamboo peculiar to the island; Baṭa-danḍa: The bamboo cane cut away and ready for use as to build fences etc. (Sinhala, Clough); 2. Baṭa; a descent, going down, a descent from a height, the west (Sinhala, Clough)

Baṭa-pola: Ambalangoda, Galle. See Baṭē-pola

Ullala-pola: The place having a spring; Divulapitiya division, Gampaha district; Mahawa division, Kurunegala district

Haňcā-pola: Mirigama division, Gampaha district. Haň: Buddhist Sańgha; Aňśa: "Bhāgaya, Koṭasa" (Sinhala, Sorata)

Kuḍāhaka-pola: Ja Ela. Gampaha

Niri-pola: The place or field of secondary or inferior crop; Seethawaka, Colombo. Niri: second crop, second and inferior crop of grain (Sinhala, Clough); "Niri: "Tarakayehi upannā"; = Nirihẹl: "Kẹpu goyamin hẹdena goyam" (Sinhala, Sorata); Nuru: tender shoots in paddy stubble that appear after the harvest (Eezham Tamil, Jaffna dialect, MTL, DED 3708); Noru: after-shoot from the roots of rice, millet, etc., after the main stalk has come to maturity, small after-fruits as in a pumpkin crop (Eezham Tamil, Jaffna dialect, MTL, DED 3708); Noruk-kāy, Norup-piñcu: small after-fruits (Eezham Tamil, Jaffna dialect, MTL); Norup-piṭittal: to form an after-shoot (Eezham Tamil, Jaffna dialect, MTL); Nurippikka: to transplant (Malayalam, DED 3708)

Hēne-pola: The shifting cultivation place; Mirigama division, Gampaha district; Mawathagama division, Kurunegala district; Madampe division, Puththa'lam distrct; Rambukkana division, Kegalle district

Hēna-pola: Madampe, Puttalam

Devala-pola: The twin site; Minuwangoda division, Gampaha district; Polgahawela division, Kurunegala district: Devala: twin; Dēvāla: temple

Dēvālē-pola: The temple place; Polgahawela, Kurunegala

Māra-pola: Probably, the place for exchange or barter; Minuwangoda division, Gampaha district. Māru: barter, exchange (Sinhala); Māṟu: to become changed, exchanged, to barter, sell, exchange as goods (Tamil, DED 4834)

Pēḍi-pola: The place of washermen; Minuwangoda division, Gampaha district. Pēḍi: "Rajakayā" (Sinhala, Sorata); Pēḍiyā: washerman, head or chief among the washermen (Sinhala, Clough); probably from the act of squeezing cloth; Pīḍana: act of pressing or squeezing (Sanskrit, CDIAL 8225); Piḻi: (verb) to squeeze, press out with hands (Tamil, DED 4183)

Huṇu-pola: The limestone field; or the place for lime/ lime mortar; Attanagalla division, Gampaha district;

Huṇu-poḷa: Ganewatta division, Kurunegala district. Poḷa: = Pola; see Huṇu-pola

Huṇu-pola-gedara: Rideegama division, Kurunegala district. See Huṇu-pola; Gedara: house and premises (Sinhala)

Ōgoḍa-pola: The stream-bank place; Attanagalla division, Gampaha district; Rideegama, Kurunegala; Ōgoḍa: Oya-goḍa

Ūrā-pola: The place of boars; or the big place; Attanagalla division, Gampaha district; Yatinuwara, Kandy; Kamburupitiya division, Matara district

Goraka-pola: The place of Goraka trees; or the place for Goraka condiment; Panadura division, Kalutara district. Goraka: Garcinia cambogia, the fruit of which is used as substitute for tamarind (Sinhala, Clough); Koṟukkai: Garcinia cambogia (Tamil, Caṅkam diction)

Vattal-poḷa: Panadura division, Kalutara district.

Milla-gas-pola: The place of Milla trees; Millaniya division, Kalutara district. Milla: Mīlla or Milila: a valuable timber tree used in buildings, Vitex altissima (Sinhala, Clough)

Nā-kańda-pola: The place of Nā-tree cluster or hill; Dompe, Gampaha

Nā-gaha-pola: The place of Nā trees; Pallepola, Matale

Nāram-pola: The place or country market for oranges; Dompe, Gampaha; Mallawapitiya, Kurunegala

Kirińdi-vẹl-pola: The place of Kirińdi creepers; Thumpane division, Kandy district. Kirińdi-vẹl: a creeper, Rouria santaloides (Sinhala, Clough)

Kẹbiliya-pola: The partitioned place; or the place of Kẹbella trees; Hakmana, Matara

Hik-goḍa-val-pola: The jungle place at Hik-goḍa (the bank/ hill/ village of Hik trees); Thumpane, Kandy

Bamuṇu-pola: The place of Brahmins; Pujapitiya, Kandy

Padu-pola: Probably the place of the Paduvā community; Udadumbara, Kandy

Maḍa-pola: The muddy place; or the muddy paddy-field place; Medadumbara, Kandy

Maḍaha-pola: Polpithigama, Kurunegala

Ẹllē-pola: The place of the waterfall or rapid; Medadumbara, Kandy; Matale, Matale; Balangoda, Ratnapura

Ẹhẹlē-pola: The place of Cassia fistula trees; Pallepola, Matale; Ẹhẹḷa: = Ẹsaḷa: Cassia fistula (Sinhala, Clough); from the month it flowers; Āṣāḍa: (Sanskrit, CDIAL 1473)

Heṭṭi-pola: The place of the merchant community; or the mercantile place; Wilgamuwa, Matale; Panduwas Nuwara West, Kurunegala; Mawathagama, Kurunegala; Ella, Badulla

Vaḍu-pola: The carpenter's place: Ibbagamuwa, Kurunegala; Kegalle, Kegalle

Baṇḍāra-pola: The place of the prince; or the place of the son of a noble person; or the place of the son of a Kandyan landlord; Rattota, Matale

Gansara-pola: The river-course place; Rattota, Matale: Gan-sara: Gaň+sara, as in Gan-tara: Gaň-tera (Sorata); Sara: conduct, to go, to move; Hẹsirīma, Hẹsireṇa (Sinhala, Sorata)

Hāmā-pola: Bibile, Moneragala. Hāmu: lord, master?

Diviyā-pola: The place granted for livelihood in lieu of services; Medagama, Moneragala; Divi: life, livelihood, "Jīvanaya, Jīvikāva" (Sinhala, Sorata)

Ẹrệ-pola: The revenue place?; Eheliyagoda, Ratnapura. Ira: tax (Sinhala)

Ẹrệ-pola-kanda: Rideegama, Kurunegala; Pannala, Kurunegala. See Ẹrệ-pola

Vāriya-pola: Wariyapola, Kurunegala; Ukuwela, Matale

Hāl-pola: The rice field; Kothmale, Nuwara Eliya

Dam-poḷa: The slash and burn field; Hanguranketa, Nuwara Eliya. Dam: = Dẹvunu (Sinhala, Sorata); Damana: Patana, Dẹvu-hēna (Sinhala, Sorata)

Kańda-pola: The hill place: Nuwara Eliya, Nuwara Eliya

Paṭṭi-pola: The cattle-pen place; Nuwara Eliya, Nuwara Eliya; Hali-Ela, Badulla

Paṭṭiya-pola: The cattle-pen place; Tangalle, Hambantota

Vińguhum-pola: Harispattuwa, Kandy

Damuṇu-pola: The slash and burn field; or the place of Boralu-damunu trees; Hatharaliyadda, Kandy; Galigamuwa, Kegalle; Damunu: 1. Damanaya: Patana, Dẹvu-hēna; 2. Boralu-damunu gasa (Sinhala, Sorata). See Dam-pola

Damuṇu-pola: Alawwa, Kurunegala. See Damuṇu-pola

Pallē-pola: The lower place; Pallepola, Matale; Hatharaliyadda, Kandy

Vẹli-goḍa-pola: The sandbank or gravel-bank place: Hatharaliyadda, Kandy

Vẹligē-pola: The place of sand; Mawathagama, Kurunegala. Gē is genitive case affix here.

Vẹlige-pola: The place of sand: Weligepola, Ratnapura. See Veligē-pola

Kaṇakkara-pola: Hatharaliyadda, Kandy. Kaṇakkara: = Kaṇakkapullē: accountant, "Gaṇān liyannā (Sinhala, Sorata); Kaṇakkap-piḷḷai (Tamil)

Paṭṭa-pola: Hatharaliyadda, Kandy

Vīda-pola: Walasmulla, Hambantota. Vīda: probably related to Vī: paddy (Sinhala); Vitai: to sow (Tamil)

Idda-pola: The place of Idda plants; Mahaoya, Ampara. Idda: a flowering plant, Wrightia zeylanica (Sinhala, Clough)

Bora-pola: The muddy place; Mahaoya, Ampara

Nīla-pola: The place of indigo plants?; Seruvila, Trincomalee. Till recent times the place was known as Nīlap-paḻai in Tamil

Baňḍi-pola: Ibbagamuwa, Kurunegala

Dara-miṭi-pola: The place or country market for firewood bundles; Ibbagamuwa, Kurunegala

Vēra-pola: The place of the Buddhist temple; Wariyapola, Kurunegala

Talam-pola: Bingiriya, Kurunegala

Henḍiya-pola: Bingiriya, Kurunegala

Hiru-val-pola: Bingiriya, Kurunegala

Maṇḍa-pola: Panduwasnuwara West, Kurunegala

Hātā-pola: Panduwasnuwara West, Kurunegala. Ātā: the custard apple shrub; "Anōnā nam gas" (Sinhala, Sorata)

Baram-pola: Panduwasnuwara West, Kurunegala

Kuṁburā-pola: The paddy field place; Panduwasnuwara West, Kurunegala

Kiḍa-pola: The place for sports; Maspotha, Kurunegala. 1. Kiḍa: play, sports, "Krīḍāva" (Sinhala, Sorata); 2. The kneeling of an elephant (Sinhala, Clough); Kiṭai: lying down (Tamil, DED 1524); cattle-pen (Tamil); Kiṭa: (verb) to lie, lie down (Tamil, DED 1524)

Gurulệ-pola: The place of Guruḷu birds; Maspotha, Kurunegala. Guruḷu: Garuḍa (Sinhala, Sorata); Garuḍa: (Sanskrit, CDIAL 4041); Garuḷa: Pali, CDIAL 4041); Gūḷi: vulture (Telugu, DED 1920)

Uḍa-val-pola: The upper part of the jungle place; Kurunegala, Kurunegala

Hēvā-pola: The place to do obligatory service; Mallawapitiya, Kurunegala

Val-pola-kanda: The hill of the jungle place; Mallawapitiya, Kurunegala

Āda-pola: Rideegama, Kurunegala

Uḍattā-pola: Rideegama, Kurunegala

Doranệ-pola: Rideegama, Kurunegala

Kos-gollē-pola: The place of the jack grove; Rideegama, Kurunegala

Kandē-pola: The hill place; Rideegama, Kurunegala; Pannala, Kurunegala

Hẹvẹn-pola: Rideegama, Kurunegala

Yantam-pola: Weerambugedara, Kurunegala

Mẹdẹl-pola: Kuliyapitiya East, Kurunegala

Kōńduruvā-pola: The place of gnats; Kuliyapitiya East, Kurunegala: Kōńduruvā: eye fly, gnat (Sinhala, Clough); "Kuḍā mẹsivesesak" (Sinhala, Sorata)

Bihal-pola: Kuliyapitiya East, Kurunegala

Ẹṭam-pola: Kuliyapitiya East, Kurunegala. Ẹṭaṁba: a kind of mango (Sinhala, Sorata)

Gal-pola: The rocky place or the hill place; Kuliyapitiya West, Kurunegala

Eḷuvā-pola: The place or country market for goats; Kuliyapitiya West, Kurunegala

Divurum-pola: Udubaddawa, Kurunegala

Bunnẹhẹ-pola: Udubaddawa, Kurunegala

Horatẹ-pola: Udubaddawa, Kurunegala

Maḍigē-pola: The place of the carriage department (of the Kandyan times); Pannala, Kurunegala

Hundirā-pola: Pannala, Kurunegala; Dankotuwa, Puttalam. Uńduru: rat (Sinhala); Unj: to move along by jerks, moves over ground on bottom by jerking along (Kota, DED 736); Ūz: to crawl or creep (Konda, DED 736); Ūr: to creep, crawl (Tamil, DED 749); to crawl on knees (Konda, DED 749); Ōnti: bloodsucker lizard (Tamil, DED 1053)

Kaḍaha-pola: Narammala, Kurunegala

Ẹmbalā-pola: The place of Ẹmbala plants; Narammala, Kurunegsala; Ẹmbala: Limnanthemum cristatum (Sinhala, Clough); an aquatic plant; Āmpal: water lily (Tamil, DED 362); Āmbalu: water lily which opens after sunset (Tulu, DED 362)

Raňgallē-pola: The place of the golden rock; Narammala, Kurunegala

Kiri-vānā-pola: The place of a kind of stone; Alawwa, Kurunegala. Kiri-vahaṇa, Kiri-vāṇa, Tiri-vāṇa: a kind of white coloured stone (Sinhala, Sorata)

Otara-kiruvam-pola: Alawwa, Kurunegala

Gal-pottē-pola: The rock-covered place; Alawwa, Kurunegala

Hinnara-pola: Alawwa, Kurunegala. Kinnarā: mat weaver (Sinhala, Clough)

Barudẹl-pola: The place to lay Baru-dẹl net (to catch fish); Mahawewa, Puttalam

Haṇa-toṭu-pola: Weenappuwa, Puttalam

Bujjam-pola: Dankotuwa, Puttalam

Ganē-val-pola: The Valpola of the Sangha; Kekirawa, Anuradhapura

Hōrā-poḷa: Kekirawa, Anuradhapura

Kukulā-pola: The place or country market for fowl; Mahiyanganaya, Badulla

Rēnda-pola: The place where the renter collects toll or revenue; Lunugala, Badulla. Rēńda: lease, rent, toll (Sinhala, from Dutch, Clough); Rēnda-kārayā: renter, one who farms the revenue (Sinhala, Clough)

Tavalam-pola: The place where caravan traders hold market; Uva Paranagama, Badulla

Beraliya-pola: The place of Beraliya trees; Uva Paranagama, Badulla. Beraliya: Doona cordifolia (Sinhala, Clough)

Beraḷiya-pola: Siyambalanduwa, Moneragala. See Beraḷiya-pola

Rahu-pola: Uva Paranagama, Badulla

Viduru-pola: Welimada, Badulla

Kukuram-pola: Buttala, Moneragala. Kukurumān: a thorny shrub, Randia dumetorum (Sinhala)

Miṭi-pola: The low place; Eheliyagoda, Ratnapura

Kẹṭē-pola: The pebbly place; Ayagama, Ratnapura

Mutteṭṭu-pola: The place received as Muttettu; Weligepola, Ratnapura

Tis-mal-pola: Rambukkana, Kegalle

Kūrem-pola: Rambukkana, Kegalle

Pas-pola-kanda: Warakapola, Kegalle

Malal-pola: The hill place Yatiyanthota, Kegalle

Doṁbē-pola: The place of Doṁba trees; Yatiyanthota, Kegalle

Ūḍā-pola: Deraniyagala, Kegalle

Tiṁbiri-pola: The place of Tiṁbiri trees; Dehiovita, Kegalle

Vil-pola: The place of the lake or marsh; Aranayaka, Kegalle

Panā-pola: The place of jack trees; Kalawana, Ratnapura

Aḷu-pola: The place of Aḷu trees; Ratnapura, Ratnapura

Piṭa-pola: The backside place; Welimada, Badulla

Kẹppeṭi-pola: The place of Kẹppeṭi trees; Welimada, Badulla; Mawanella, Kegalle

Puhul-pola: The place for pumpkins; Welimada, Badulla

Kandē-puhul-pola: Welimada, Badulla

Mala-pola-gama: The village of the hill place; Uva Paranagama, Badulla

Kara-pola: The place of Kara shrubs; Welikanda: Polonnaruwa

Tēttā-pola: The place of Tēttā trees; Kalpitti, Puttalam

Uḍa-pola: The higher place; Polgahawela, Kurunegala

Araṁbē-pola: The forest/ grove place; Polgahawela, Kurunegala

Kadira-pola: The place of Kadira shrubs; Pannala, Kurunegala

Kohoṁba-pola: The place of Kohoṁba trees; Pannala, Kurunegala

Mẹddē-pole: The middle place; Pannala, Kurunegala

Vē-vẹl-pola: The place of rattan cane: Weerambugedara, Kurunegala

Aram-pola: Probably, Araň-pola: The jungle place; Mawathagama, Kurunegala

Koṭa-pola: The small place; or the enclosed place; Koṭapola, Matara

Vaṭṭa-pola: The circular place; Udunuwara, Kandy

Goḍa-pola: The band/ hill/ village place: Udunuwara, Kandy; Galigamuwa, Kegalle

Vatu-pola: The grove/ garden place; Udunuwara, Kandy; Pallama, Puttalam

Hip-pola: Pathahewaheta, Kandy: Ipul-pola?

Mura-pola: The watch place or sentry place; Deltota, Kandy; Mura-pala: watch post, sentinel's post (Sinhala, Clough); Muṟai: turn by which work is done (Tamil, DED 5015); Mura: duty, turn (Malayalam, DED 5015)

Vệ-goḍa-pola: The reservoir bank place; Galewela, Matale

Mādi-pola: Probably, the big divisional place; Galewela, Matale; Mādi: from Maha-disā: "Loku palāta" (Sinhala, Sorata)

Mādiyā-pola: Yatawata, Matale. See Mādi-pola

Sēru-daṇḍa-pola: The forest place of Sēru trees; Naula, Matale

Aṁban-pola: Ambanpola, Kurunegala; Yatawatta, Matale; Ibbagamuwa, Kurunegala

Ẹti-pola: The place of elephants; Yatawatta, Matale

Niyambē-pola: Probably the place or field of a mercantile village; Thumpane division, Kandy district. Niyam: market village, mercantile village; "Nigama-grāmaya" (Sinhala, Sorata); mba is an affix

Huňgam-pola: The country market where tax is levied or the country market at the customs; Kegalle division, Kegalle district. Huňgam: Suňkam, Suňgam: toll, custom; "Śulkaya, Ayabadda" (Sinhala, Sorata); Cuṅkam: tax or toll levied on goods in transportation (Tamil, early usage noticed in 985 CE inscription, SII, xii, 351); Śulka: price, value (Sanskrit, Rig Vedic, CDIAL 12543); tax, toll (Sanskrit, Atharva Vedic, CDIAL 12543); Suṅka: toll, tax, profit, purchase price of wife (Pali, CDIAL 12543); for the forms Cuṅga in Sanskrit and Suṅgam in Sinhala, CDIAL cites the route through Tamil (CDIAL 12543)

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Gampola:

Gam-poḷa: The riverine place; Giribawa division, Kurunegala district. Poḷa: =Pola (Sinhala, Sorata). See Gampola

Gam-pola-vatta: The garden or grove of the riverine place; Doluwa division, Kandy district.

Gam-pola-vela: The paddy field of the riverine place; GI Korale division, Kandy district.

Mẹda-gam-pola: The riverine place at the middle; or the middle part of the riverine place; Ibbagamuwa division, Kurunegala district; Alawwa division, Kurunegala district.

Uḍu-gam-pola: The higher riverine place; Minuwangoda division, Gampaha district. See Gam-pola; Uḍugaň: "Gańgehi ihala" (Sinhala, Sorata); Uḍugama/ Uḍagama is opposed to Pallēgama.

Vẹḷi-gam-pola: The sandy riverine place: Pasbage Korale, Kandy

Paraṇagam-pola: Kegalle division, Kegalle district. This is not a riverine place. Not an old settlement either to take Paraṇa as meaning old. May be related to Paraṇa: small stones, pebbles (Sinhala, Clough); Paral: pebble, small stone (Tamil, DED 3959)

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Varakā:

Varakā-goḍa: The bank/ hill/ village of jackfruit trees; Maduruwala, Kalutara; Udunuwara, Kandy

Varakā-deṇiya: The jackfruit valley; Pujapitiya, Kandy

Varakāva: The jackfruit locality; Pasbage Korale, Kandy

Varakā-mura: The jackfruit tree surroundings; Ukuwela, Matale

Varakā-vẹhẹra: The Buddhist temple found with jackfruit trees; Rideegama, Kurunegala

Varakā-danḍa: The jackfruit forest; Hali-Ela, Badulla

Varakā-pana: The place for jackfruit; Mawanella, Kegalle

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Varaka: Varaka-mulla: The jackfruit tree corner; or the cluster of jackfruit trees; Bentota, Galle

Varaka-tolla: Probably, Varaka-talla: the pond in the locality of jackfruit trees; Mathugama, Kalutara.

Varaka-piṭi-kanda: The hill of the high ground plain having jackfruit trees; Baddegama, Galle

Varaka-piṭiya: The high ground plain having jackfruit trees; Welipitiya, Matara

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Koṭikā:

Koṭikā-pala: The place for dried areca nuts; Mawathagama, Kurunegala. Note the usages Koṭikā-pola and Koṭikā-pala

Koṭikā-vatta: The garden or grove producing dried areca nuts; Kolonnawa, Colombo

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Revised: Tuesday, 20 September 2016, 19:39

First published: Tuesday, 10 July 2007, 01:00